Microprocessors
By DarthVader
Date: 2025-02-09
Topic: 230 see comments
Post views: 68
Feature Description Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) This is a combinational logic circuit that can carry out arithmetic operations, such as adding and subtracting, and logical operations on two pieces of data. Registers The registers are memory devices that can each hold a single byte (or several bytes) of data. For example, if the architecture is described as a 16-bit architecture, a register will hold 16 bits or 2 bytes of data. Registers can be made using flip-flops, as described in Chapter 5. Specific registers are listed below. Accumulator (Register A) A general-purpose register that holds the data that is being processed. This usually provides one of the inputs to the ALU and stores the resulting output. Register B There could be any number ofregisters, ranging from just one (Register A) to several, usually labelled Register B, Register C, etc. Stack pointer (SP) Contains the address of a sectionof memory, known as the stack, where data can be stored temporarily. Status register (SR) Contains individual bits ofinformation about the result of operations, such as if the result is negative or zero. Instruction register (IR) This contains the current instruction that themicroprocessor is executing. Control unit (CU) This controls the execution of instructions,synchronised to the system clock. Program counter (PC) This contains the address in memory of the currentinstruction. After executing the instruction, the PC advances to the address of the next instruction. Memory address register (MAR) This contains the address in memory where data is to be copied to or from. Multiplexer This is used to select the address in memory fromeither the PC or the MAR. Clock This produces regular pulses that control the rate atwhich instructions are carried out. Memory (not shown) This is where the programs and data are stored. Input and output (I/O) ports These communicate with the outside world, either reading data in or sending data out.
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